The Oslo CTM3 emissions
Surface emissions
The Oslo CTM3 can in general be run with any emission scenario.
Currently there are several available, e.g. POET (Granier
et al., 2005; Olivier et al., 2003) for year 2000,
RETRO for several years, and Lamarque et al. (2010) and also RCP.
The datasets are available on 0.5x0.5 or 1x1 degree resolution.
Biomass burning emissions of chemical species are taken from the Global Fires Emissions Database version 3 (GFEDv3). GFEDv2 is also available.
Lightning
The lightning source is based on convective mass fluxes calculated
from the meteorological data, and its parameterization differs
slightly from CTM2 to CTM3.
The treatment in CTM2 was described by Berntsen and Isaksen (1999),
and combined the lightning frequencies of Price et al. (1997) with
their monthly climatological distributions.
In Oslo CTM3, the horizontal distribution is slightly different, where we combine the Price and Rind (1992) equations with scaling to lightning flash rates observed by Optical Transient Detector (ODT) and Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS). Using the height of convection in a gridbox column, and a few other constraints, model flash rates are matched to climatological flash rates over land and ocean separately.
Further, we impose climatological lightning emissions of 5 Tg(N)/year, allowing the lightning source to vary from year to year. This is different from CTM2, where 5 Tg(N)/year was emitted every year. Details will be presented in the coming CTM3 description paper (Søvde et al., in preparation).
Lightning emissions are distributed vertically within a column according to Ott et al. (2010), while CTM2 used Pickering et al. (1998).
Aircraft emissions
Aircraft emissions are included, and a plume model will also be
included in due time.
Plume chemistry is found to reduce maximum perturbations in zonal mean
ozone by about 20% (Gauss et al., 2003).
Berntsen, T. and I. S. A. Isaksen: Effects of lightning and convection on changes in tropospheric ozone due to NOx emissions from aircraft, Tellus B, 51, Issue 4, 766-788, doi:10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-3-00003.x, 1999.
Gauss, M., G. Myhre, G. Pitari, M. J. Prather, I. S. A. Isaksen, T. K. Berntsen, G. P. Brasseur, F. J. Dentener, R. G. Derwent, D. A. Hauglustaine, L. W. Horowitz, D. J. Jacob, M. Johnson, K. S. Law, L. J. Mickley, J.-F. Müller, P.-H. Plantevin, J. A. Pyle, H. L. Rogers, D. S. Stevenson, J. K. Sundet, M. van Weeleand O. Wild: Radiative forcing in the 21st century due to ozone changes in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D9), 4292, doi:10.1029/2002JD002623, 2003.
Granier, C., J. F. Lamarque, A. Mieville, J. F. Muller, J. Olivier, J. Orlando, J. Peters, G. Petron, G. Tyndall, and S. Wallens: POET, a database of surface emissions of ozone precursors. Available on internet at http://www.aero.jussieu.fr/projet/ACCENT/POET.php, 2005.
Lamarque, J.-F.; T. C. Bond, V. Eyring, C. Granier, A. Heil, Z. Klimont, D. Lee, C. Liousse, A. Mieville, B. Owen, M. G. Schultz, D. Shindell, S. J. Smith, E. Stehfest, J. Van Aardenne, O. R. Cooper, M. Kainuma, N. Mahowald, J. R. McConnell, V. Naik, K. Riahi, and D. P. van Vuuren: Historical (1850-2000) gridded anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of reactive gases and aerosols: methodology and application, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7017-7039, doi:10.5194/acp-10-7017-2010, 2010.
Olivier, J., J. Peters, C. Granier, G. Petron, J. F. Müller, and S. Wallens: Present and future emissions of atmospheric compounds, POET report #2. EU report EV K2-1999-00011, 2003.
Ott, Lesley E.; Kenneth E. Pickering, Georgiy L. Stenchikov, Dale J. Allen, Alex J. DeCaria, Brian Ridley, Ruei-Fong Lin, Stephen Lang and Wei-Kuo Tao: Production of lightning NOx and its vertical distribution calculated from three-dimensional cloud-scale chemical transport model simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D04301, doi:10.1029/2009JD011880, 2010.
Pickering, K.; Y. Wang, W.-K. Tao, C. Price, and J.-F. Müller: Vertical distributions of lightning NO x for use in regional and global chemical transport models, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D23), 31203-31216, doi:10.1029/98JD02651, 1998.
Price, C., J. Penner, and M. Prather: NOx from lightning 1. Global distribution based on lightning physics, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D5), 5929-5941, doi:10.1029/96JD03504, 1997.